名词
专有名词 Proper Noun
普通名词 Common Noun
个体名词 Individual Noun
集体名词 Collective Noun
物质名词 Material Noun
抽象名词 Abstract Noun
(一)集体名词
1) 通常做不可数名词的集体名词
clothing, furniture, baggage/luggage, equipment, jewelry, traffic, information, foliage(叶子;植物), machinery, merchandise, produce(产物), scenery
2) 通常做复数的集体名词
police, cattle, poultry(家禽), vermin, clergy, militia
a committee of…(n.pl.)谓语动词用单数
many a➕名词复数,谓语动词用单数
(二)抽象名词
1)绝大多数抽象名词不可数
绝大多数的抽象名词是不可数的,用语义对应的个体名词来比较。
2)有一些抽象名词可数
遗憾希望胜利美德
a pity, a hope of history, a victory, a virtue
3) with/by/in/on+抽象名词=very+副词
4) 抽象名词+itself= very+形容词
当某个名词被man,woman修饰,变成复数的时候,man和woman也要变成复数
(三)名词属格
1) 并列名词表示各自的所有关系时,应各自加’s
2) s’属格和不能和of替换的情况
- 表示事物类别或属性,
- 某些固定习语:
At one’s wit’s end(不知所措), a wolf in sheep’s clothing(披着羊皮的狼), a hair’s breadth (差一点), in one’s mind’s eye(在某人的想象中), to one’s heart’s content(尽情地), at death’s door(在鬼门关), out of harm’s way(在安全的地方), keep sb. at arm’s length(避免跟陌路人太接近。
(四)主谓一致
- none, some, any, more, most, all等代词作主语时,动词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
e.g. All is right. 所有的都对。 All are present. 全都到齐了。
- all, none, most, majority, part, enough, some, one half, the rest, the remainder of, more than作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式通常由所修饰的名词、代词的数决定。
就近原则
包括:including
随同:with, together with, along with, as well as, accompanied by
除了:in addition to, rather than, but, except,
as much as,more than, no less than
就远原则
- There/here be句型
- Either…or, neither…nor…
- Not only…,but also
双重属格修饰名词的限定词
双重属格所修饰的名词可以跟this或that连用,表示爱憎褒贬等情感。
情态动词
- be able to 表示做某件具体事情的能力,can泛指有某种能力
be able to get out of the hotel
Can you write?
- may…as well 还是…的好;不妨
e.g. Since it’s raining hard, you may as well stay here. 外面雨下得很大,你最好待在这。
- Shall用在一、三人称的疑问句表示征求对方的意见,用在二、三人称的肯定句中表示命令、警告、威胁、允诺等。
- ought to & should都表示应该…,但是表示道义上的责任、义务只能用ought to
- 许多情态动词可以表示推测,按照肯定的强度从强到弱排列是:must, will, would, ought to, should, can, could, may, might.
一些问答搭配
- May I…?Yes, you may. No, you mustn’t/may not.
- Must I…?Yes, you must. No, you needn’t/don’t have to.
- Need I…?Yes, you must. No, you needn’t.
- no more… than =not any more than 和……一样不
- not more…than 不如……
- 祈使句的反意疑问句,通常用will you, won’t you, would you?
- It’s high time we+过去式
虚拟语气
- if非真实条件句用法
- 当句子里有序数词first/second、副词only和最高级的时候,后面的从句要用完成时(已经经历过)
虚拟语气-不同情况整理
done
- It is high(about) done
- would rather/sooner, would just as soon, might as well 表达现在和将来的
would+动词原形
- had hoped 但愿
should+动词原型
- in order that/ for fear that/ in case that
- It’s+形容词/过去分词/名词+(should) do
no wonder that, a shame, arranged, desired
may+动词原形/完成式
whatever, however, whenever, no matter wh, may
反意疑问句
疑问部分的主语
- everything,something等表示物的-it
- everyone,someone等表示人的,正式用he,不正式用they
- there be-反问也用there
- 陈述部分主语是不定代词one,疑问部分-one或you
特殊情况
祈使句-will/won’t(表示邀请)/would you?
Let’s-shall we?
表示否定意思-提问用肯定形式
I wish…-may I?
某些情态动词如dare, need作为实义动词时,则用do,does,did
独立主格结构
About one thousand students passed the entrance examination, many of them ladies.
零零碎碎
倍数表达
1️⃣A+be+倍数+as+形容词或副词原级+as+B,如He is twice as old as she.;
2️⃣A+be+倍数+形容词比较级 +than+B,如 This street is four times shorter than that one.;
3️⃣A+be+倍数+the size/length/width+of+B,
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.;
4️⃣The+size/length/width.. +of+A be+倍数 +that+of+B
如 In this workshop the output of July was 3.5 times that of January.
so➕简略句
- so➕助动词➕主语 …也…
- neither➕助动词➕主语 …也不…
- So➕主语➕助动词 的确如此
倒装
完全倒装 -谓语提到主语前面,
- here, there, now, then, from, out, down, in等表示方位的副词位于句首,谓语表示移动,主语为名词时。(如果主语是代词,则不用)
- 地点状语位于句首,且主语为名词
Under the tree sat an old wrinkled man.
- 特殊情况:表语放在句首加强语气/谓语部分的现在分词
部分倒装 -用助动词或情态动词提到谓语前面
- 否定词或含有否定意义的词在句首
- only在句首
- 下列副词或短语放在句首:so, such, to such a degree/an extent/extremes/a point
独立主格结构
错题整理
- (MT23,T10)
About one thousand students passed the entrance examination, many of them ladies/ whom were ladies.(两种答案)
- (MT22,T12)
The group’s move will intensify competition in the fast-growing Chinese PC market.
- (MT23,T5)
An unlimited arms race may well increase the danger of war.
may well的意思是“很可能”